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Olfactory navigation
Olfactory navigation is a hypothesis put forward to explain navigation and homing of pigeons, in particular the homing pigeon.
There are two principal versions. Papi’s mosaic model proposes that pigeons construct a map from the distribution of environmental odours, within a radius of 70-100 kilometres. Wallraff’s gradient theory overcomes the problem of distance limitation by proposing the existence of long-range, stable atmospheric odour gradients. However, the evidence to suggest that pigeons use an ‘olfactory map’ in order to home is not conclusive.
==Background==
Homing can be defined as the ability to return to a set point from potentially anywhere on the earth’s surface, including destinations that are unfamiliar. There are two criteria needed to coordinate this task, a compass sense (a sense of direction) and a map sense (a sense of location). It is the ability to return from unfamiliar locations that posed the question of what sensory cues are used to determine locational information as well as directional information. It has been proposed that the compass sense can be derived from a number of perspectives. Magnetic orientation as a mechanism for directional sense was first put forward in the 19th century. Equally, the sun could be used as a compass in order to navigate home.〔Kramer G (1959) Recent experiments on bird orientation. Ibis 101:399–416.〕 In 1972, however, Papi and his contemporaries reported that anosmic pigeons (Columbia livia) were severely impaired in orientation and homing performance.〔 On the basis of their results, the hypothesis of ‘olfactory navigation’ was proposed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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